I've just been reading through the late Halton Arp's book 'Seeing Red' and I have loved it. He was a rare astronomer who was able to look at data with fresh eyes, and think about it without trying to shoe-horn it into standard theories. As an introduction to what he concluded in his decades of observing, I can show you this plot of NGC3516Arp, which is one of many similar examples.
The figure shows a Seyfert galaxy (NGC3516) in the centre with various x-ray sources (quasars) surrounding it (measured by Y. Chu). The Seyfert galaxy has a low red shift. The quasars have high redshifts (see the numbers). Redshift? All atoms emit radiation when electrons in them change energy level. If you look at hydrogen in deep space you can see the radiation emitted is due to the known energy levels, as in a lab on Earth. If the photons are red-shifted though, it could mean that the object was moving away from us and the photon has been Doppler shifted into the red. So, it has been assumed by mainstream astronomers that the high redshift-ness of these sources means that they are moving away from us at a great speed. Hence there has arisen the Big Bang Model where the universe is still expanding from an initial explosion so further regions are receding from us faster. In astronomy redshift is used as a proxy for distance.
However, Arp pointed out repeatedly over decades that these high redshift galaxies are often near low redshift galaxies, sometimes being connected with tendrils to them. So, they may not be far off at all! Also, these high redshift objects usually appear along the minor axes of the normal galaxies, as in this case, as if they have been ejected along the spin axis. Further, quasars closer to their parent galaxy have a higher redshift, whereas those further way have a lower redshift. Finally, these redshifts are quantised into the values of: 2, 1.4, 0.95, 0.6, 0.3, 0.06..!
However, Arp pointed out repeatedly over decades that these high redshift galaxies are often near low redshift galaxies, sometimes being connected with tendrils to them. So, they may not be far off at all! Also, these high redshift objects usually appear along the minor axes of the normal galaxies, as in this case, as if they have been ejected along the spin axis. Further, quasars closer to their parent galaxy have a higher redshift, whereas those further way have a lower redshift. Finally, these redshifts are quantised into the values of: 2, 1.4, 0.95, 0.6, 0.3, 0.06..!
Arp's own judgement here was that a Steady State theory by Hoyle & Narlikar (1964) might explain some of these observations. This theory also has similarities to the theory of Dicke (who I have also been reading about lately in a book 'Einstein's Lost Key' by A. Unzicker). In Hoyle and Narlikar's theory the mass of objects depends on the surface area of the sphere that they could be aware of given the finite speed of light. New matter, then (produced from energy, and information in QI) can only be aware of a tiny region of space, since it has not had time to collect information from anywhere else, and so new matter has lower mass. Therefore, the new electrons have lower mass and so when they make the transition between atomic energy levels the photons given off have less energy than expected - their emissions are red-shifted. Therefore light coming off the quasars newly ejected from the galaxy, have high redshifts, and redshifts decline as they move away. This also means that high redshift should be common in the early universe so the redshifted objects we see far away are not necessarily moving away, and therefore there is no need for a big bang. Hoyle and Narlikar's theory can not explain the quantisation - but quantised inertia can.
Of course, Arp's observations enjoyed about the same popularity in astrophysics as Galileo did in his tour of the Vatican since, if they are true, the big bang theory & all of modern cosmology, with its distance measures, is reduced to a pile of expensive rubble. His accounts of the bizarre lengths the mainstream community went through to silence him are tragic but also hilarious (I would recommend the book for entertainment as well as for information).
Arp's observations are music to my ears because they sound like quantised inertia. Arp states that his observations demand a theory with the following characteristics. It requires inertial mass to increase with cosmic time (as predicted by Steady State theories and QI). It requires inertial mass to be quantised (quantised inertia!). It has matter being ejected from the spin axes of galaxies (as QI predicts). It is a Machian theory in which the mass of an object is determined by the amount of matter the object could have been in contact with in its history, which links to Hoyle and Narlikar and QI in which the mass of objects is determined by the size of the cosmos they perceive. Note that in this new approach the cosmic boundary is still there, but is not caused by objects moving away at the speed of light, but because we have not had time to collect data from behind this boundary.
It is my instinct that raw anomalous observations are the key to truth. Halton Arp, despite being dead, has just proven in my opinion to be hugely more incisive than modern 'theory-first' cosmology and I hope this will provide the inspiration to finally complete QI which may be a quantum-enabled cousin of a whole range of early classical theories by Hoyle, Dicke, Narlikar..etc that were blown up by the big bang freight train. I can email Narlikar too - he's still around.
References
F. Hoyle; J. V. Narlikar (1964). "A New Theory of Gravitation" (PDF). Proceedings of the Royal Society A. 282 (1389): 191–207. http://ayuba.fr/mach_effect/hoyle-narlikar1964.pdf
Unzicker, A., 2015. Einstein's Lost Key. https://www.amazon.co.uk/Einsteins-Lost-Key-Overlooked-Century/dp/1519473435
11 comments:
Pieces of the puzzle falling into place! Nice!
I'm not a physicist, but am following along well enough. Keep it up: dark matter drives me nuts, lol.
Thanks for the blog entry.
Hoyle and Narlikar had to introduce "creation fields" to make their theory steady-state (creation of matter ex nihilo from multiple "mini-bangs" at the center of quasars). This also requires some "negative energy" inside those quasars, for energy conservation. Without the C-field, the HN theory is no longer steady state (expanding universe, compatible with the Big Bang model). Therefore, if you suppose a steady state universe too, does QI require such C-field?
http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1537231/1/Guiterrez_nature21040.pdf
"Of course, Arp's observations enjoyed about the same popularity in astrophysics as Galileo did in his tour of the Vatican"
I suggest that you stay away from historical parallels involving Galileo. There is a lot of bad history of science out there from people who should know better. Take a look at Thony Christie's blog where he regularly eviscerates them. See for example:
https://thonyc.wordpress.com/2018/04/04/getting-galileo-wrong-yet-again/
I bought the book too, it's fun. Keep up the good work. I never did like the modern phlogiston that is dark matter.
In 1999, this galaxy and their quasars, where tracked, and sow a correlation between the red-shift, and the angular distance to the minor axis of the galaxy.
It was this work: https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9712021
Well Mike, the fact is that Huble was able to measure his correlation between red-shift, and distance, trough the 'cefeidas' (coming from Delta Cephei, measured in 1784).
It was not espected, just come out from the know of the cepheides.
The same way as the Ia Supernova, other candels for bigger distances.
They saw us the aceleration of the expansio.
It was, neither, expected.
Mike, red-shift colud come from diferent causes, and those of NGC3516 could be not from radial velocity.
Like the 'quantized' red-shift (I have read him), !! is absolutly shocking ¡¡.
But the correlation between red-shift, and distance, is real, whatever it is from.
I do not like dark mater, dark energy, and so on.
If 96% of mass of universe is NOT barionic, then ¿Why we, in our solar system, could not sense its influence?.
Science is not an easy way, we always have to take look at 360ยบ around us.
Best regards.
Hi Mike: Back before digital media I used to carry a copy of (F. Hoyle; J. V. Narlikar (1964). "A New Theory of Gravitation" (PDF). Proceedings of the Royal Society A. 282 (1389): 191–207. http://ayuba.fr/mach_effect/hoyle-narlikar1964.pdf) in my brief case, just in case I needed to look at it. Great Paper.. Now it's your book "Physics From The Edge" that I seem to be packing around with me everywhere... My wife might have mentioned something about the psychology of security blankets??
George Soli
Mike, I have seen old post of you and your opinion about how physic changed after the dead of Richard P. Feynman.
Mike, I am 58 years old, and have seen this change.
May be you are one in 3 persons I know, that agree with me on this. No more.
Well, other point.
You QI, I think I understand it (At first).
But it remember to me works done before, not taking the relativistic horizont , but yes, taking the Quantum Vacuum (The one who makes the force).
Bernard Haish, Alfonso reuda, and Puthoff, worked a lot (A lot), on this (For instance, their work of 1994. "Inertia as a zero-point-field Lorentz force".)
Please Mike, ¿Did you know them?, ¿What is your opinion about their work (Almost ended without any acknowledge from the mainstream, years ago).
You know I am very cautious, we must be, but I accept nature is the judge.
Thanks Mike.
Have the new particles created in particle accelerators like LHC red ahifted spectrum? Is there a way to test this theory in there?
Fascinating and heady stuff Sir. Your theory of QI seems to have merit and the flaxen haired one approves. I will peruse your pontifications at length and comment accordingly. I'm not a fan of dark matter either. Mayhap, your theory is what is required to spin physics on its axis? I run a modest blog which sometimes touches on cosmology- not in an academic erudite way as I'm not a physicist but a retired geneticist (flaxensaxonblogspot.com). I try to present the topic in an easy going introductory manner aimed at the curious layman. I'm sure you are considered a maverick in your field: good for you and keep up your good work. I shall return. Flaxen Saxon.
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